The brain of a sea creature that lived over 500 million years ago was organised like that of a spider – suggesting that arachnids may have not evolved on land as previously thought.

Mollisonia lived during a period known as the Cambrian explosion when the diversity of life increased dramatically and many animal groups first appeared in the fossil record.��They had pincer-like mouthparts called chelicerae which they probably used to tear apart small prey.

It had been thought that Mollisonia belonged to a group related to spiders whose modern members include horseshoe crabs, but a new analysis by at the University of Arizona and his colleagues suggests otherwise.

The team re-examined a fossil from the species Mollisonia symmetrica collected in 1925 in British Columbia, Canada, and stored at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. Strausfeld and his colleagues noticed structures in the brain that other researchers had overlooked.

In horseshoe crabs, the chelicerae have neural connections to the rear of the brain. But in Mollisonia, this was flipped and the chelicerae were connected to two neural areas whose outlines can be seen at the very front margin of the nervous system.

This back-to-front arrangement is the “hallmark of an arachnid brain”, says Strausfeld. Unlike the brains of crustaceans and insects, the folded, reversed brain puts key regions that do the planning of dexterous actions towards the rear to bring them closer to the neurons that drive the animal’s leg movements. This is thought to be one reason for the extraordinary dexterity and speed of spiders.

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Arachnids were thought to have evolved on land, but the first land fossil of an obvious arachnid appears tens of millions of years after Mollisonia, says Strausfeld. “Perhaps the first arachnids were amphibious: mollisoniid-like animals hunting their prey in the tidal zone,” he says.

at Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia, who wasn’t involved in the study, says Mollisonia may now be considered early arachnids. “We now know it had the complex brain of an arachnid, and thus was an early, aquatic relative of spiders and scorpions,” says Lee.

However, he cautions that while researchers have extracted as much information as they can from the single fossil, there will always be uncertainties with interpretation. “It’s a bit like trying to reassemble a unique pavlova after someone has dropped it,” he says.

A species of spider found in China may have evolved so that a male-female pair together resembles a flower, helping them blend in with their background.

“This may be the world’s first case of cooperative mimicry,” says Shi-Mao Wu at Yunnan University, who made the observation with his colleague .

Spiders from the Thomisidae family, also known as crab spiders, are ambush predators that usually live on or near flowers.

They are known for their great camouflage abilities, which prevent them from being spotted by their prey or predators. Some species can even change their colour to match that of the flower they are sitting on.

Wu and Gao were in a tropical rainforest in Yunnan province in south-west China when a male crab spider of the Thomisus guangxicus species caught Wu’s attention. The spider was sitting on a flower of Hoya pandurata, an plant that lives on the forest’s ancient tea trees.

“When I first observed the male spider, I did not observe the female spider,” says Wu. Only when he got closer did he notice that the male spider was lying on the back of a female. “They successfully deceived my eyes,” he says.

The researchers hypothesise that the smaller and darker male might mimic the pistil – the female organs in the centre of the flower – while the female mimics the fused petals.

They only match the appearance of the flower when individual spiders of both sexes come together, the researchers say.

However, at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences isn’t convinced. “It is very difficult to establish the nature of the behaviour that has been observed,” he says.

In fact, during mating, it is common in many spider species for the males to stand on top of the females. “The easier explanation could be a simple interaction linked to courtship and mating,” says Greco.