For the first time, researchers have built a quantum clock that uses light from the sun as a key component. It could be used to diagnose shifts in the sun鈥檚 velocity or probe processes on its surface.
This is not your mother鈥檚 sundial. People have known that they can keep track of time with sunlight ever since antiquity. But contemporary record-breaking timekeepers, which are called optical clocks, derive their accuracy from quantum mechanical effects and typically have atoms that have been isolated from the external world at their core. Now, at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and his colleagues have built an optical clock that relies on sunlight instead.
In a typical optical clock, an electron within an atom is made to oscillate between two energy levels, and an ultra-stable laser is tuned, or locked, to the frequency of that oscillation. Next, these oscillations 鈥� the ups and downs of the light waves that comprise the laser beam 鈥� are translated into usable ticks of a clock. To do this, researchers use a device called a frequency comb, which turns visible light into microwaves that can be processed by standard electronics.
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In the new experiment, the researchers still used a laser and a frequency comb to build their clock, but the role of the atom was played by a process that happens near the sun.
Specifically, instead of locking their laser to an electron鈥檚 jumps within an atom, the researchers locked it to a process where sunlight causes similar jumps as it hits iron atoms in our star鈥檚 atmosphere. This process leaves a signature in the spectrum of colours that comprise sunlight, so the team collected sunlight into a special fibre and fed it into the rest of the clock. This type of solar optical clock has never been built before.
While the new clock doesn鈥檛 rival the best atomic optical clocks in accuracy, the researchers showed that it could possibly be used as a tool for studying stars. During the partial solar eclipse in 2024, they observed a signature shift in the sunlight鈥檚 spectrum due to the moon passing in front of the star. If the clock was fed light from a faraway star in place of sunlight, similar shifts could indicate the presence of orbiting exoplanets, which raises the possibility of the new clock design becoming a tool for astronomical discovery. In this case, however, starlight would have to be collected through large telescopes, sometimes over long periods of time.
at the National Metrology Institute of Germany says that the new work is interesting because it demonstrates an optical clock design that leverages light from the stars rather than being based exclusively on objects under tight control in the lab.
But as an astronomical instrument, it doesn鈥檛 yet surpass existing methods for studying light from stars, and for very distant stars, the new clock鈥檚 usefulness would be seriously limited by how faint their light is, says Schmidt.
There may, however, be advantages in studying the properties of our sun, he says. For example, the clock could probe eruptive events, sunspots and the effects of solar 鈥渨ind鈥� made from streams of charged particles in the outer layers of the sun鈥檚 atmosphere.
arXiv
