Neil Vickers and Derek Bolton (Reaktion Books)
In 1979, when endocrinologist David Rabin was diagnosed with an incurable neurodegenerative condition, he understood only too well the pain ahead. What he didn鈥檛 anticipate was the response from his medical colleagues at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Tennessee, who were deeply discomforted by his diagnosis to the point they started avoiding him. On one occasion, Rabin fell and a passing colleague pretended not to see him sprawled on the ground as they walked past.
In 1982, two years before Rabin died from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a type of motor neuron disease, he published an article about the 鈥渆xtraordinary鈥� social effect of his illness in the . Even his wife, also a medical doctor, and his daughter, both of whom co-wrote the article, had become isolated from him, compounding the impact of his devastating illness. Together, they called it 鈥渢he pariah syndrome鈥�.
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Rabin鈥檚 distressing story informs Being Ill: On sickness, care and abandonment, an ambitious new book interrogating what turns out to be a deep-seated social aversion to poor health. The authors are two professors at King鈥檚 College London, Neil Vickers and Derek Bolton, well-placed to use their expertise to pick apart the roots of this ostracism at both the individual and societal level. Vickers is a professor of English literature and the health humanities, and Bolton is an emeritus professor of philosophy and psychopathology.
The book casts an unflattering light on humanity. Care may be a 鈥渟pecies activity鈥� (as described by feminist writers Joan Tronto and Berenice Fisher), but it isn鈥檛 reliably administered 鈥� even to people in demonstrable need or with whom we have a long-standing relationship. Bolton and Vickers point to the 鈥淎 mate with cancer is still a mate鈥�.
But the abandonment of people who are sick isn鈥檛 limited to friends shunning friends. According to 2014 crime statistics for England and Wales, say the authors, long-term illness or disability doubles your risk of experiencing domestic violence. A paper they found an association between becoming ill and a higher risk of divorce, particularly if the female partner is sick (the research only collected data for heterosexual couples).
Care may be a 'species activity', but it isn't reliably administered 鈥� even to people in demonstrable need
Even medical professionals, Vickers and Bolton write, can鈥檛 be relied upon to consistently provide care or 鈥渕eet the experience of the sick other鈥�. The gold-standard response, they argue, entails not just extending compassion to the patient but identifying with them.
Yet often people with serious conditions end up being reduced to their diagnoses or find doctors resist fully engaging with them.
Vickers and Bolton draw together biological, psychological and social factors that influence human interaction to understand why one person might turn against another in their time of need. The lack of adult studies means looking to research on care relationships between adults and infants, and also to sociology.
In seeking compassionate solutions for adults who are ill, they advocate for 鈥渕irroring鈥� and 鈥渉olding鈥�. These are techniques used in child psychology therapy to explore interactions between children and their caregivers, and the wide-ranging effects and consequences of that bond.
It is a persuasive, often powerful framework. We know that humane, compassionate care in many ways determines children鈥檚 outcomes in adulthood, but it can be similarly transformative for adults with illness or disability. Even health outcomes can be improved by strong relationships.
Being Ill stands out not only for its original perspective but for the non-judgemental tone of its authors. There are limitations, though, largely to do with the focus on the so-called WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialised, rich and democratic) countries that, to a greater or lesser extent, emphasise good health as an individual responsibility.
But the UK and the US, at least, are home to an ageing, ailing populace. As such, Being Ill suggests, we all have a stake in bridging 鈥渢his estrangement between the healthy and the ill鈥�, and building more resilient communities to support us.
Elle Hunt is a writer based in聽Norwich,聽UK
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